Ventilation for an enclosure of a gas turbine and related method

ABSTRACT

A ventilation scheme for a rotary machine supported on pedestals within an enclosure having a roof, end walls and side walls with the machine arranged parallel to the side walls, includes ventilation air inlets located in a first end wall of the enclosure; a barrier wall located within the enclosure, proximate the first end wall to thereby create a plenum chamber. The barrier wall is constructed to provide a substantially annular gap between the barrier wall and a casing of the turbine to thereby direct ventilation air axially along the turbine; one or more ventilation air outlets located proximate a second, opposite end wall on the roof of the enclosure. In addition, one or more fans are provided for pulling ventilating air into said plenum chamber via the ventilation air inlets.

This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. DE-FC21-95MC31176 awarded by the Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in this invention.

This invention relates to power plant construction and, specifically, to a ventilation scheme for a gas turbine enclosure.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A significant contributor to the increase of net simple and combined cycle efficiencies for large industrial gas turbines is the ability to achieve tighter rotor/stator tip clearances. An important factor in the ability to control and maintain clearances is the ability to control the shape of the turbine casing. Circumferential thermal variations in the casing temperature can lead to shape distortions and thereby negatively impact efficiencies.

Large industrial gas turbines using advanced technologies to achieve higher simple cycle and combined cycle efficiencies are sensitive to local environment conditions. Ventilation of the enclosure or compartment in which the turbine is located is required in order to remove excess heat, and to minimize by dilution the buildup of hazardous gases in the enclosure. However, for large industrial gas turbines, several practical barriers arise: the amount of heat to be removed; the size of the compartment to be ventilated with its complexity of hardware and possible stagnate flow zones; and, the buoyancy dominated natural convection that may result in thermal gradients in casing surface temperature. The historical ventilation methodology results in a thermal profile of the turbine casings that adversely affects shape, and therefore clearances (or rubs), and thus also net simple and combined cycle efficiencies.

Two approaches have been used to achieve the requirements of heat removal and hazardous gas dilution. One is ventilation using a “chimney” concept and the other is the use of insulation.

The chimney concept employs inlets placed low in the turbine enclosure or compartment walls, outlets on the enclosure roof, and a blower fan also on the roof of the enclosure (or, if the enclosure is located within a larger building, then on the roof of the building). The enclosure and ducting is negatively pressurized to minimize the area which must be classified as “hazardous” due to the presence of potentially hazardous gas leak sources. With the general flow pattern transverse to the axis of the turbine, and hence the turbine casing, the result is essentially a tube-in-cross flow arrangement where air comes in at the bottom of the enclosure, passes substantially vertically over the horizontally oriented turbine casing and exits the top of the enclosure. Along with a natural convection plume from the machine, a cold casing bottom and hot casing top is likely to result. This temperature profile results in a thermal distortion due to length along the top of the casing growing more than that of the bottom. On the occasion when dilution ventilation is also a concern, additional inlets are added to try and control the temperature gradients, but in many instances, the additional inlets resulted in impingement cooling of certain portions of the casing, also creating an adverse thermal effect.

The use of insulation is prevalent among many producers of large industrial gas turbines. Insulation has the advantage of minimizing the amount of heat rejected to the enclosure, and reducing the thermal sensitivity of the casing to local environment conditions. However, the large industrial gas turbines aimed at achieving higher efficiencies also utilize higher firing temperatures and higher pressure ratios. Both of these result in higher internal temperatures. Thus, special insulation materials must be used that are often more expensive, assuming they are even available. In some instances, the addition of insulation requires in casing flange bolts to be made of higher grade materials. Bolts made of this higher-grade material typically result in a cost increase that may be several times the additional cost of an axial ventilation system.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An “axial” ventilation system has been developed to provide better control of the ventilation air over the gas turbine casing within an enclosure to thereby minimize losses due to thermal variations. The “axial” flow concept has been developed to create a uniform flow along and around the casing, minimizing temperature variations. Because of the sweeping action inherent with the axial concept, dilution ventilation capabilities are also improved.

In order to create an axial flow over the turbine casing, an internal barrier wall is placed near the ventilation air inlet end of the enclosure. A plenum area or chamber is thus created between the enclosure wall and the internal barrier wall. It is in this area that inlet openings or louvers are located. From the plenum chamber, the ventilation air passes through an annular gap between the turbine casing and the barrier wall, causing the ventilation air to flow over the turbine in an axial direction. The pressure drop across the plenum inlet contributes to the uniformity of flow through the annular gap, while the increased velocity at the axial gap contributes to the effective length of impact of the axial flow. The momentum of this axial flow overcomes the otherwise dominant buoyancy effect, at least along that part of the turbine considered critical. Outlets are located in the roof, on the opposite end of the enclosure, from which the ventilation air is pulled by fans.

The arrangement of the turbine within the enclosure is such that it sits on two tall, concrete pedestals via bearings that are secured to opposite sides of the casing. Two horizontally directed inlets on opposite sides of the enclosure, downstream of the barrier wall, ventilate the area between the concrete pedestals, one inlet on each side of the enclosure. These inlets are slightly offset in the axial direction to induce mixing, and are located such that their flow does not impinge directly on the turbine casing. This lower volume of ventilating air eventually rises and is carried out of the enclosure with the larger volume of axially flowing air.

Other ventilation openings may be strategically located in the internal barrier wall so as to reduce or eliminate any stagnant or recirculation zones within the enclosure that would otherwise negatively impact dilution ventilation capability. With this arrangement, there is essentially a continuous sweep of the enclosure with ventilation air.

An additional feature of the ventilation system (which may have applicability in certain power plant layouts) pertains to personnel safety and relates to the manner in which persons may enter or exit the enclosure when the ventilation fans are running. Because of the amount of flow and the pressure losses of the flow through the various components, there is approximately 1 inch of water vacuum in the enclosure. With this level of vacuum, the force required to open a door may not be overcome by all individuals. Because of this, doors are provided through the internal barrier wall and through the enclosure aft of the barrier wall. While this feature is highly desirable for axial flow ventilation, it's use does not have to be exclusive to such a concept. Another feature that has also been developed with this ventilation concept, but which is not exclusive to this arrangement, is the use of louvered doors.

In its broader aspects, therefore, the invention relates to a ventilation scheme for a turbine supported on pedestals within an enclosure having a roof, end walls and side walls with the turbine arranged parallel to the side walls, the ventilation scheme comprising ventilation air inlets located in a first end wall of the enclosure; a barrier wall located within the enclosure, proximate the first end wall to thereby create a plenum chamber, the barrier wall constructed to provide an annular gap between the barrier wall and a casing of the turbine to thereby direct ventilation air axially along the turbine; one or more ventilation air outlets located proximate a second, opposite end wall; and one or more fans for pulling ventilating air into the plenum chamber via the ventilation air inlets.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a combined cycle power plant comprising a gas turbine, a steam turbine and at least one generator, the gas turbine supported on axially spaced pedestals within the enclosure; ventilation air inlets located in a first end wall of the enclosure; a barrier wall located within the enclosure, proximate the first end wall to thereby create a plenum chamber, the barrier wall constructed to provide an annular gap between the barrier wall and a casing wall of the gas turbine to thereby direct ventilation air axially along the gas turbine; one or more ventilation air outlets located proximate a second, opposite end wall; and one or more fans for supplying ventilating air to the plenum chamber via the ventilation air inlets.

In still another aspect, the invention relates to a method of ventilating an enclosure having a roof, a pair of side walls and a pair of end walls, and wherein a gas turbine casing is supported on a plurality of pedestals in the enclosure such that a rotor of the turbine extends substantially parallel to said side walls, the method comprising:

a) establishing a plenum chamber adjacent one of the end walls;

b) pulling ventilation air into the plenum chamber;

c) causing the ventilation air to flow axially along at least as portion of the casing; and

d) removing the ventilation air proximate said other of said end walls.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic perspective view of a turbine enclosure in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 is a section of the enclosure shown in FIG. 1, taken along the line 2—2;

FIG. 3 is a section of the enclosure shown in FIG. 1, taken along the line 3—3; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view of an enclosure in accordance with a variation of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 illustrates in simplified schematic form an enclosure 10 that encloses a rotary machine such as a gas turbine. The enclosure may or may not be located in a larger building. The enclosure 10 has a pair of side walls 12, 14; a pair of end walls 16, 18 and a roof 20. The enclosure is typically rectangular in shape (the drawing figures are not to scale), with the side walls extending parallel to the longitudinal axis (the axis of rotation or the turbine rotor) of the gas turbine.

End wall 16 for purposes of this discussion is regarded as the inlet end of the enclosure, and is provided with inlet openings or louvers 22, 24 in an upper region of the end wall. Additional inlets or louvers 26, 28 are provided in side wall 12 adjacent the end wall 16 (similar inlets are provided in side wall 14 but are not visible in the drawings). Inlet openings or louvers 30, 32 may be provided in the roof 20, also adjacent the end wall 16. Outlet openings 34, 36 are located in the roof 20, at the outlet end of the enclosure, adjacent end wall 18.

A barrier wall 38 is located interiorly of the enclosure, extending parallel to the end wall 16 in the inlet end region of the enclosure. This arrangement creates a plenum chamber 40, with ventilating air introduced into the plenum chamber through all of the inlet openings or louvers mentioned above. The barrier wall 38 is formed with an opening surrounding a portion of the casing 42 of the gas turbine 44, creating a roughly annular air gap 46, best seen in FIG. 2.

The gas turbine casing 42 is supported by bearings (not shown) that are, in turn, mounted on concrete pedestals 48, 50. With the bearings connected to opposite sides of the casing 42, it will be appreciated that the gap 44 extends substantially 360° about the casing, and that a large axial and circumferential portion of the entire casing is exposed to ventilating air.

With particular reference to FIGS. 1 and 3, additional inlet openings or louvers 52, 54 are located in the side walls 12, 14 in the middle portion of the enclosure, downstream of the barrier wall 38. These inlets are located at lower elevation so as to supply ventilating air into the enclosure in areas below the turbine casing 42 and axially between the pedestals 48, 50.

Fans 35, 37 are located proximate the outlets 34, 36 on the roof 20 if the enclosure 10 is outdoors. If the enclosure is in a larger building, the fans are located outside the building and ducts extend between the fans and the enclosure outlets 34, 36.

When the fans are turned on, ventilation air will be drawn into the plenum chamber 40 via the inlet openings or louvers 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 and 32. The ventilating air will accelerate as it passes through the roughly annular gap 46, creating an axial momentum that will drive the ventilation air axially along the casing 42, at least to a location indicated by dotted line 56, corresponding to the approximate point of fuel injection into the gas turbine combustion chamber. (In this regard, note that the flow of ventilating air is opposite the internal turbine flow.) This is the most critical part of the turbine casing for purposes of addressing thermal gradients in the casing. As the axial momentum of the ventilating air dissipates, the natural buoyancy effect will eventually take over as the air is drawn upwardly to the outlets 34, 36 at the downstream end of the enclosure. At the same time, lesser quantities of ventilating air are drawn into the inlet openings or louvers 52, 54 in the side walls 12, 14, creating a transverse flow as best seen in FIG. 3. By axially offsetting the inlet openings or louvers 52, 54, good mixing of the ventilating air is achieved below the turbine and in the areas of the pedestals 48, 50. This transversely introduced ventilation air is eventually drawn upwardly to mix with the main ventilating flow and to the outlets 34, 36. If necessary, additional openings (one shown by dotted line 39) may be provided on the barrier wall that are strategically located to thereby reduce or eliminate any stagnant or recirculation zones within the enclosure that would otherwise negatively impact the dilution ventilation capability.

Turning now to FIG. 4, an optional feature is illustrated that has applicability in certain power plant layouts. Within an enclosure 58 (shown in plan view), grated service floors 60, 62 are shown on either side of the casing 64 of a turbine 66, such floors typically located approximately at the mid-height level of the turbine. It will be appreciated that utilization of grated floors will not impede the flow of ventilation air through the enclosure. A personnel service door 68 is typically located within the enclosure side wall 70 (downstream of the barrier wall 72 of this invention). This door, if solid, will interfere with the ventilating air if opened while the fans are on, and can also result in the ventilating air directly impinging on the turbine casing 64. In accordance with the invention, an alternative service door 74 is located in the side wall 70, upstream of the barrier wall 72, within the plenum chamber 76. A third door 78 is located in the barrier wall 72 itself, opening from the plenum chamber 76 into the main enclosure area. The doors 74 and 78 are easier to open than door 68 when the fans are on, and opening either door 74 or 78 will not redirect any ventilating air downstream of the barrier wall 72. Thus, it is preferred that door 68 be used only when the fans are off, and that doors 74 and 78 be used when the fans are on.

As already mentioned herein, the inlet openings may be in the form of louvers (preferably adjustable). It should be appreciated that the service doors 74, 78 may also be louvered, minimizing the amount of flow blockage when a door is open, thus also minimizing the disturbance to the pressure loss (and thereby flow rate) profile of the ventilation flow.

While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A ventilation scheme for a rotary machine supported on pedestals within an enclosure having a roof, end walls and side walls with the machine arranged parallel to the side walls, the ventilation scheme comprising: ventilation air inlets located in a first end wall of the enclosure; a barrier wall located within the enclosure, proximate said first end wall to thereby create a plenum chamber, said barrier wall constructed to provide a substantially annular gap between said barrier wall and a casing of the turbine to thereby direct ventilation air axially along the turbine; one or more ventilation air outlets located proximate a second, opposite end wall; and one or more fans for pulling ventilating air into said plenum chamber via said ventilation air inlets.
 2. The ventilation scheme of claim 1 wherein said one or more ventilation outlets are located in the roof of the enclosure.
 3. The ventilation scheme of claim 1 wherein the rotary machine is a turbine and wherein turbine flow is in one direction and ventilation air flow is in an opposite direction.
 4. The ventilation scheme of claim 1 and further including at least one transverse ventilation air inlet in each of the side walls of the enclosure.
 5. The ventilation scheme of claim 4 wherein said transverse ventilation air inlets are axially offset from each other and both are located downstream of the plenum chamber.
 6. The ventilation scheme of claim 1 wherein said ventilation air inlets are located in an upper region of s aid first end of said wall.
 7. The ventilation scheme of claim 5 wherein said transverse ventilation air inlets are located in lower regions of said side walls to thereby direct ventilation air to an area below the rotary machine and between the pedestals.
 8. The ventilation scheme of claim 1 wherein a first personnel door is located in one of the side walls of the enclosure, upstream of the internal barrier wall and a second personnel door is located in said internal barrier wall.
 9. The ventilation scheme of claim 8 wherein a third personnel door is located in said one of the side walls, downstream of the internal barrier wall.
 10. The ventilation scheme of claim 1 and including at last one flow opening in the internal barrier wall, located so as to reduce or eliminate any stagnant or recirculation zones within the enclosure, downstream of the internal barrier wall. 